National Quantum Mission (NQM)

Introduction: It will be implemented by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) under the Ministry of Science and Technology. The objective of the mission planned for the year 2023-2031 is to sow, nurture, and scale up scientific and industrial R&D. It also aims to build a vibrant and innovative ecosystem in Quantum Technology (QT). With this mission, India will become the seventh country (along with the US, Austria, Finland, France, Canada, and China) to implement a dedicated quantum mission.

Mission Highlights: It aims to develop intermediate-scale quantum computers of 50-100 physical qubits in the next 5 years and 50-1000 physical qubits in 8 years. Just as bits (Is and 0s) are the basic units by which computers process information, 'qubits' or 'quantum bits' are the units used by quantum computers. The mission will help develop precision timing (atomic clocks), and high sensitivity magnetometers for communication and navigation. It will also support the design and synthesis of quantum materials such as superconductors, novel semiconductor structures, and topological materials for building quantum devices.

The mission will also help in the development of:

• Satellite-based secure quantum communication between ground stations within India within a range of 2000 km.
• Long-distance secure quantum communication with other countries
• Inter-city quantum key distributions over 2000 km.
• Multi-node quantum networks with quantum memory.

Significance: It will accelerate quantum technology-driven economic growth and make India one of the leading nations in developing Quantum Technologies and Applications (QTA) in diverse sectors such as healthcare and diagnostics, defence, energy, and data security. It will work towards indigenously building quantum-based com¬puters that are far more efficient and capable of solving the most complex problems in a highly secure.

COP29: Agenda, Goals, and Potential Outcomes

Introduction to COP29

The 29th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP29) marks a pivotal event in global efforts to tackle climate change. With the recent surge in extreme weather events, rising global temperatures, and persistent calls for climate action, COP29 brings together global leaders, scientists, advocates, and policymakers to address urgent climate concerns. COP29 offers a significant opportunity to evaluate progress, renew commitments, and create actionable plans that contribute to the collective goal of curbing climate change.

What is COP29?

COP29, part of the annual United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) conferences, gathers representatives from nearly 200 countries to discuss climate policy and agreements. Each COP is a platform for assessing climate challenges, negotiating terms for emissions reductions, and securing international cooperation. This year's conference will likely attract thousands of delegates, with an emphasis on bridging the gap between developing and developed nations.

Historical Context of COP Conferences

Understanding COP29’s objectives requires looking back at major achievements from previous COP sessions:

• Kyoto Protocol (COP3): Established binding commitments for developed nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• Paris Agreement (COP21): This landmark accord saw almost all nations agree to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C, with efforts to restrict it to 1.5°C.
• Glasgow Climate Pact (COP26): Reaffirmed the urgency of reducing emissions and pledged to phase down coal and fossil fuel subsidies.

Each COP builds upon the past, with COP29 expected to address unfinished agendas and advance new climate actions.

COP29 Agenda: Key Issues and Priorities

COP29’s agenda will revolve around:

• Adaptation and Mitigation: A core focus on strategies that protect communities from climate impacts while reducing emissions.
• Global Temperature Goals: Reaffirming the commitment to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C.
• Long-term Emission Reduction Targets: Setting and refining targets for countries to achieve net-zero emissions by mid-century.

These topics aim to fortify global resilience against climate impacts, protect ecosystems, and build momentum toward a sustainable future.

Climate Finance: Funding for Developing Nations

Climate finance remains a central issue at COP29, especially regarding support for developing countries disproportionately impacted by climate change. Developed nations previously committed to providing $100 billion annually, but this goal must still be met. At COP29, countries are expected to discuss new mechanisms, such as:

• Innovative Funding Tools: Mechanisms like carbon trading, debt relief for green investments, and global tax schemes.
• Direct Investment in Green Infrastructure: Boosting renewable energy projects, sustainable agriculture, and climate-resilient infrastructure in vulnerable regions.

Loss and Damage: A Focus on Climate Justice

Loss and damage refer to the adverse impacts that vulnerable nations face due to climate change. This year, COP29 will likely revisit the loss and damage fund, initiated at COP27, which aims to provide financial support for countries facing irreversible climate impacts. Key goals include:

• Operationalizing the Fund: Finalizing the governance structure and resource allocation for loss and damage funding.
• Broadening Financial Support: Gaining contributions from both public and private sectors to meet the needs of affected communities.

Reducing Fossil Fuel Dependence

With fossil fuels accounting for a major share of global emissions, COP29 will likely prioritize actions to decrease reliance on coal, oil, and natural gas. Goals in this area include:

• Transition to Renewable Energy: Increasing commitments for clean energy sources like wind, solar, and hydro.
• Phasing Out Coal: Continuing efforts to reduce coal consumption, especially in high-emission sectors.
• Reducing Fossil Fuel Subsidies: Redirecting financial support from fossil fuels to renewable energy.

Adaptation Strategies for Resilient Societies

While mitigation seeks to reduce emissions, adaptation focuses on preparing societies to live with the impacts of climate change. COP29 is set to enhance adaptation strategies that strengthen resilience, particularly for vulnerable regions:

• Climate-Resilient Agriculture: Supporting farming practices that withstand extreme weather.
• Coastal Protection Initiatives: Building defenses against rising sea levels for island nations and coastal communities.
• Community-Based Adaptation: Engaging local communities in planning and implementing adaptation measures.

Sustainable Development Goals and Climate

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim for a holistic approach to sustainability. COP29’s discussions will emphasize:

• Integration with SDGs: Addressing climate change in ways that support broader development goals, such as reducing poverty and improving health.
• Cross-Sector Collaboration: Recognizing the interconnectedness of climate, economy, and society.

By aligning with the SDGs, COP29 reinforces the idea that climate solutions should advance both environmental and human welfare.

Technology and Innovation in Climate Solutions

Technological innovation is key to achieving ambitious climate goals, and COP29 will highlight several tech-driven initiatives:

• Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Technologies designed to capture and store carbon emissions from industrial sources.
• Renewable Energy Advancements: Innovations in energy storage, grid management, and renewable energy production.
• Smart Agriculture: Using technology to reduce agricultural emissions, improve yields, and enhance food security.

Youth and Indigenous Leadership in Climate Action

COP29 will focus on increasing youth and Indigenous voices in climate discussions, recognizing the essential role these groups play in shaping sustainable futures:

• Youth Empowerment: Amplifying youth-led initiatives and campaigns.
• Indigenous Knowledge: Leveraging indigenous practices for conservation, biodiversity, and land management.

Expected Commitments from Major Nations

At COP29, commitments from major economies like the United States, China, the European Union, and India will be crucial. Expected areas of focus include:

• Strengthened Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Enhancing emission reduction targets and deadlines.
• Support for Developing Countries: Allocating funds, technology, and capacity-building resources.

Monitoring and Accountability: Ensuring Progress

To avoid unfulfilled promises, COP29 will emphasize robust monitoring mechanisms. This includes:

• Transparent Reporting: Requiring countries to report progress openly.
• Accountability Measures: Holding countries accountable for missed targets.

Challenges Facing COP29

Despite global urgency, COP29 faces numerous challenges, such as:

• Political Conflicts: Disagreements between developed and developing nations over responsibilities and funding.
• Economic Pressures: Balancing climate goals with economic growth, especially for fossil-fuel-dependent countries.

Potential Outcomes of COP29

COP29’s outcomes could range from ambitious commitments to incremental progress:

• Best-Case Scenario: Global consensus on strong emission reductions, climate finance, and adaptation measures.
• Moderate Outcome: Limited but notable progress with enhanced pledges from a subset of nations.
• Worst-case scenario: Stalemates that leave critical issues unresolved.

Conclusion: The Road Ahead Post-COP29

COP29 offers an essential platform to renew commitments, establish new financial mechanisms, and drive significant climate action. The urgency of climate change requires not only strong policies but also an unwavering commitment to a sustainable future.

FAQs

Q. What is COP?
ANS: COP stands for Conference of the Parties, an annual climate summit organized by the UN to address climate policy.

Q. How do COP decisions affect daily life?
ANS: COP agreements influence global policies on energy, agriculture, and industry, which impact daily life through regulations, funding, and environmental protection efforts.

Q. What are the key goals for COP29?
ANS: COP29 focuses on emission reductions, climate finance, and strengthening resilience against climate impacts.

Q. What role does technology play at COP29?
ANS: Technology supports emission reduction, energy efficiency, and adaptation strategies essential for meeting climate goals.

Q. How will COP29 impact future climate policies?
ANS: COP29’s outcomes will shape future climate policies, influencing global cooperation, funding, and targets for years to come.

Gujarat becomes India’s first state to implement a dedicated semiconductor policy

Gujarat's Groundbreaking Semiconductor Policy 2022-2027: Paving the Path for India’s Semiconductor Self-Reliance

The Gujarat government has launched India's first Gujarat Semiconductor Policy 2022-2027, marking a major step toward semiconductor self-reliance. Spearheaded by Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel, this ambitious initiative aims to establish Gujarat as a prominent player in India’s semiconductor landscape, driven by the newly established Gujarat State Electronics Mission.

Major Projects Transforming Gujarat’s Semiconductor Industry

Under this visionary policy, significant investments are reshaping Gujarat's semiconductor capabilities. Recently, Chief Minister Patel inaugurated the construction of Micron’s advanced semiconductor ATMP (Assembly, Test, Mark, and Pack) plant in Sanand, an enterprise worth over ₹22,500 crore. This plant is a pivotal development under the Gujarat Semiconductor Policy, symbolizing the state's drive toward advanced semiconductor assembly capabilities.

In addition, Tata Electronics Private Limited (TEPL) and Taiwan’s Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) have committed to establishing India’s first AI-enabled semiconductor fabrication facility in Dholera’s planned "Semicon City." This monumental project, valued at more than ₹91,000 crore, signifies Gujarat's strategic alignment with AI-enhanced semiconductor production and is expected to drive substantial economic growth.

Expanded Infrastructure with OSAT and High-Capacity Chip Production Facilities

The policy also supports new ventures by CG Power and Renesas, who are jointly setting up a state-of-the-art Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) facility in Sanand, totaling an investment of ₹7,500 crore. This facility will bolster Gujarat’s semiconductor testing and packaging infrastructure, essential for producing high-quality, globally competitive semiconductor products.

Additionally, Kaynes Semicon has received government approval to build a semiconductor production plant in Sanand with an anticipated daily output of 6 million chips. Backed by an investment of ₹3,300 crore, this facility is expected to further advance Gujarat's semiconductor manufacturing capacity, generating a substantial number of highly skilled jobs.

Incentives and Financial Support for Semiconductor Investments in Gujarat

Recognizing the intensive capital requirements of the semiconductor industry, Gujarat’s Semiconductor Policy provides a variety of financial incentives to encourage investment. These include:

• 40% Capital Expenditure Subsidy: A unique incentive offered by Gujarat to assist with high upfront costs.
• 100% Stamp Duty and Registration Fee Refund: A one-time refund of all stamp duty and registration fees for semiconductor businesses.
• Energy and Water Subsidies: A subsidy of ₹2 per unit on electricity and water provision at a competitive rate of ₹12 per cubic meter.
• Land Acquisition Subsidy: Up to 75% land acquisition subsidy for semiconductor units established in Dholera, promoting the development of the Greenfield Smart City as India’s first "Semicon City."

These financial incentives, designed to reduce costs and encourage large-scale semiconductor production, are bolstering Gujarat’s position as a top destination for high-tech investments.

Dholera’s Semicon City: A Strategic Hub for India’s Semiconductor Ambitions

The policy’s focus on Dholera as India’s first Greenfield Smart City adds a strategic layer to Gujarat’s semiconductor ambitions. Branded as Semicon City, this area is specifically designed to attract semiconductor manufacturing and fabrication investments. As part of this vision, Dholera aims to foster an ecosystem that supports the semiconductor supply chain, research, and technological advancement, positioning it as a pivotal center for India’s semiconductor industry.

Significant Investment Commitments Drive Employment and Economic Growth

Gujarat’s semiconductor initiatives have already attracted commitments from four major industry players, with a cumulative investment of ₹1.24 lakh crore. This wave of investment is expected to generate approximately 53,000 jobs, offering a substantial boost to local employment and skill development in high-tech fields.

Alignment with India’s National Semiconductor Mission

Gujarat’s state-level efforts align seamlessly with the India Semiconductor Mission, introduced by the central government in 2021 with a budget of ₹76,000 crore. This mission aims to strengthen domestic semiconductor production, meeting rising demand across sectors such as telecommunications, automotive, consumer electronics, and data centers. As of 2020, India’s semiconductor market was valued at $15 billion and is anticipated to exceed $63 billion by 2026, demonstrating the potential for exponential growth in the coming years.

Conclusion: A New Era of Semiconductor Development in Gujarat

With the Gujarat Semiconductor Policy 2022-2027, the state is setting a new standard for semiconductor development in India. By fostering significant investment, offering substantial financial support, and creating specialized infrastructure like Semicon City, Gujarat is positioning itself as a powerhouse for semiconductor innovation. The policy not only supports India’s goal of self-reliance but also aligns with global industry trends, ensuring that Gujarat plays a leading role in the country’s technology-driven future.

American Presidential Election Guide: Process and Importance

Introduction

Every four years, the American Presidential Election brings citizens together to choose the nation’s leader, making it one of the most impactful democratic processes in the world. But how does this process work, and why does it matter so much? This article breaks down the essentials of the American Presidential Election, from the journey of the candidates to the final voting day. Whether you're a first-time voter or just curious, this guide provides a comprehensive overview of what you need to know.

What is the American Presidential Election?

The American Presidential Election is a national event where voters decide who will hold the office of the President and lead the country. This democratic process has shaped U.S. history and allowed citizens to have a say in the nation’s future.

The History of American Presidential Elections

The American Presidential Election has a rich history, dating back to George Washington’s election in 1789. Since then, it has evolved into a complex process that includes political parties, state-by-state voting, and the Electoral College system.

Key Players: Political Parties and Candidates

The major political parties in the United States, primarily the Democratic and Republican parties, nominate candidates to run for the presidency. These candidates often represent different ideals, policies, and visions for the country’s future.

Understanding the Primaries and Caucuses

The election process begins with primaries and caucuses, which determine each party’s presidential candidate. In primaries, registered voters cast their votes, while caucuses involve local gatherings where members discuss and select their preferred candidate.

The Role of Conventions and Nominations

After the primaries and caucuses, each party holds a national convention where they officially nominate their candidate. This event is a big milestone in the election process, often marked by speeches, party celebrations, and a solidified campaign platform.

How the Electoral College Works

The Electoral College is a unique aspect of the American electoral system. Rather than winning by the popular vote, candidates must secure a majority of Electoral College votes - a set number of votes assigned to each state based on population.

Voter Registration and Eligibility

In the U.S., not every citizen is automatically eligible to vote. Voter eligibility depends on several factors, including age, citizenship status, and lack of felony convictions in some states. Registration deadlines vary by state, and it’s essential for eligible voters to be registered ahead of the election.

Election Day: Casting Your Vote

Election Day is typically held on the first Tuesday in November. This is when registered voters head to the polls to cast their votes. Many people compare Election Day to a “race,” with each state’s votes adding up to determine the overall winner.

Counting the Votes and Announcing Results

After the vote is concluded, officials count the votes, often with intense media coverage. The candidate who reaches the required 270 Electoral College votes first is declared the winner, though all ballots are carefully counted to ensure accuracy.

Importance of Swing States and Battlegrounds

Certain states, known as swing states or battleground states, often have a significant impact on the election outcome. These states don’t consistently vote for one party, making them crucial for candidates to win.

Media’s Role in the Presidential Election

The media plays a significant role in elections by informing the public about candidates, policies, and events. News coverage, debates, and advertisements all influence voter opinions, helping people make informed decisions.

The Impact of Campaign Strategies

Campaign strategies vary widely, from town hall meetings to national TV appearances. Each candidate’s strategy is carefully planned to target key demographics and influence public opinion.

What Happens After the Election?

Once the votes are counted, the President-elect prepares for the transition into office. The inauguration ceremony, held in January, is the official swearing-in and marks the start of the new President’s term.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q. What is the difference between the popular vote and the Electoral College?
ANS: The popular vote reflects the total votes cast by citizens, while the Electoral College vote determines the actual winner of the election.

Q. Why do we have an Electoral College?
ANS: The Electoral College balances influence across states, especially benefiting less-populated states and ensuring a broader representation in elections.

Q. What are swing states?
ANS: Swing states are states where voters often switch party preferences between elections, making them critical in deciding the election outcome.

Q. Can I vote if I missed the registration deadline?
ANS: No, you must be registered before the state’s deadline to vote. Some states offer same-day registration, allowing voters to register on Election Day.

Q. What happens if no candidate receives 270 Electoral College votes?
ANS: If no candidate reaches 270 votes, the decision goes to the House of Representatives, where each state delegation casts one vote to determine the President.

Conclusion: Why Every Vote Counts

The American Presidential Election is a cornerstone of democracy, giving citizens the power to shape the future of their country. Every vote is essential in deciding the path the nation will take. Whether you’re a first-time voter or a seasoned participant, understanding the election process helps you make an informed choice. Remember, your voice and vote are vital to preserving democracy.

Diwali: The Festival of Lights and Its Importance

Diwali, often referred to as the "Festival of Lights," is one of the most important Hindu festivals celebrated worldwide. This festival, rich in traditions, holds great spiritual and cultural significance, symbolizing the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and good over evil. Diwali brings together families and communities, fostering unity, joy, and a spirit of giving. Let’s explore what makes Diwali so special, its historical significance, its rituals, and the deep meaning behind this beautiful festival.

Diwali Festival of Lights

The Origins and Significance of Diwali

Diwali has roots in several historical and religious events, celebrated across different parts of India and by people of various faiths. Its significance varies across regions and religions, but the underlying theme of triumph and positivity is universal.

• Return of Lord Rama: One of the most popular stories associated with Diwali is the return of Lord Rama, his wife Sita, and brother Lakshmana to Ayodhya after a 14-year exile and his victory over the demon king Ravana. To celebrate, the people of Ayodhya lit oil lamps, or "diyas," to illuminate the city.
• Goddess Lakshmi’s Blessing: In many parts of India, Diwali is celebrated as a time to honor Goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, prosperity, and good fortune. Homes are cleaned, decorated, and lit up with lamps to invite her blessings.
• The Victory of Lord Krishna: In certain parts of India, Diwali commemorates the victory of Lord Krishna over the demon Narakasura, symbolizing the destruction of evil forces.
• Significance in Jainism and Sikhism: For Jains, Diwali marks the nirvana, or spiritual liberation, of Lord Mahavira. Sikhs celebrate Diwali to honor the release of Guru Hargobind Ji from imprisonment, symbolizing freedom and resilience.

Diwali Celebrations and Customs

Diwali is celebrated over five days, each with unique rituals and traditions that carry symbolic meanings.

• Dhanteras: The first day of Diwali is dedicated to wealth and prosperity. People buy precious metals, especially gold and silver, as they are believed to bring good fortune.
• Naraka Chaturdashi (Choti Diwali): On this day, people cleanse their homes and bodies to eliminate negative energies. Oil baths and decorating homes with rangoli (colorful art patterns) are customary.
• Lakshmi Puja (Main Diwali Day): On the main day, families gather to perform a puja (prayer) dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi. Homes are adorned with lights and rangoli, and diyas are lit to welcome prosperity.
• Govardhan Puja: The fourth day is celebrated to honor Lord Krishna’s lifting of the Govardhan Hill to protect his people from storms and rains, symbolizing strength and devotion.
• Bhai Dooj: The fifth and final day celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters. Sisters pray for their brother’s well-being, and in return, brothers vow to protect them.

Diwali Traditions Around the World

Though rooted in India, Diwali has spread globally. The Indian diaspora celebrates Diwali in unique ways across different cultures.

1. In the United States: Celebrations include lighting candles, and fireworks, and hosting community gatherings. Public schools in areas with a significant Indian population often recognize Diwali as an important cultural day.
2. In the UK: The city of Leicester hosts one of the largest Diwali celebrations outside India, with grand displays of lights and a vibrant parade.
3. In Singapore and Malaysia: Diwali, or Deepavali as it is locally known, is recognized as a public holiday. Temples are illuminated, and locals participate in various cultural events.
4. In Fiji, Mauritius, and the Caribbean: Diwali is celebrated with traditional festivities, and the exchange of sweets and gifts is common among communities.

The Spiritual Essence of Diwali

Diwali is more than a festival of lights; it holds a deeper spiritual significance:

1. Renewal and Purification: Diwali encourages us to renew ourselves, shedding negativity and embracing new beginnings. Cleaning homes, wearing new clothes, and decorating with lights symbolize this renewal.
2. Victory of Good Over Evil: The lighting of diyas represents the inner light, wisdom, and knowledge that dispels ignorance and darkness.
3. Unity and Togetherness: Diwali brings families, friends, and communities together. Exchanging sweets and gifts symbolizes love, kindness, and goodwill.
4. Charity and Giving Back: Many people donate to charities during Diwali, emphasizing the importance of compassion and social responsibility.

How Diwali Influences Modern Lifestyles

Diwali has also adapted to modern times, with eco-friendly and sustainable celebrations gaining popularity. Many families now opt for:

1. Eco-Friendly Diyas and Rangoli: Using clay diyas and organic colors to create rangolis promotes environmental responsibility.
2. Avoiding Fireworks: To reduce pollution, some families prefer quiet, peaceful celebrations without fireworks.
3. Minimalist Decorations: People focus on simple, meaningful decorations that respect tradition while being environmentally friendly instead of elaborate displays.

FAQs about Diwali

Q. Why is Diwali called the Festival of Lights?
ANS: Diwali is called the Festival of Lights because people light oil lamps, candles, and fireworks to celebrate the victory of light over darkness and good over evil.

Q. How long is Diwali celebrated?
ANS: Diwali is a five-day festival, each day dedicated to specific rituals and cultural practices.

Q. What is the importance of diyas in Diwali?
ANS: Diyas represent light and hope, illuminating homes to symbolize wisdom, knowledge, and positivity.

Q. Why do people clean their homes during Diwali?
ANS: Cleaning homes signifies welcoming Goddess Lakshmi, symbolizing wealth and prosperity. It also represents purification and renewal.

Q. Is Diwali only celebrated by Hindus?
ANS: While it is primarily a Hindu festival, Diwali is celebrated by people of various faiths, including Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhists, each with unique traditions.

Conclusion

Diwali, the Festival of Lights, is a time of joy, unity, and spiritual reflection. It is a celebration that transcends cultural boundaries, uniting people across the world in the spirit of positivity, hope, and goodwill. As we light diyas and welcome the blessings of Goddess Lakshmi, we are reminded of the importance of kindness, gratitude, and the victory of good over evil. This Diwali, let’s celebrate responsibly, fostering harmony and spreading light in every corner of our lives.

Justice Sanjeev Khanna appointed as Chief Justice of India

The central government has officially announced the appointment of Justice Sanjeev Khanna as the 51st Chief Justice of India, with his tenure beginning on November 11, 2024. His appointment follows the scheduled retirement of Chief Justice DY Chandrachud, who will step down on November 10.

A notification from the Ministry of Law and Justice confirmed the development, citing that the President, exercising powers under clause (2) of Article 124 of the Constitution, appointed Justice Khanna. Currently serving as a Supreme Court judge, Justice Khanna will now assume the top judicial position in the country.

Union Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal shared the news on social media, stating, "In exercise of the powers conferred by the Constitution of India, the President, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, has appointed Justice Sanjeev Khanna as the Chief Justice of India, effective from November 11, 2024."

The transition marks a pivotal moment for the judiciary, as outgoing Chief Justice Chandrachud personally recommended Justice Khanna as his successor. Being the second-most senior judge in the Supreme Court, Justice Khanna is expected to serve for six months, concluding his term in May 2025.

Born on May 14, 1960, Justice Khanna embarked on his legal career in 1983, registering with the Bar Council of Delhi. He initially practiced in district courts, gradually shifting to the Delhi High Court, where he gained experience across diverse legal fields—ranging from constitutional law, taxation, and arbitration to environmental law, medical negligence, and corporate disputes.

Throughout his career, Justice Khanna has held several key positions. He served as senior standing counsel for the Income Tax Department and represented the National Capital Territory of Delhi as standing counsel. Additionally, he acted as an Additional Public Prosecutor and frequently served as amicus curiae in complex legal matters at the High Court level.

In 2005, he was elevated as an Additional Judge of the Delhi High Court and confirmed as a Permanent Judge the following year. His ascent to the Supreme Court on January 18, 2019, stood out, as he was appointed despite being 33rd in national seniority. The Supreme Court Collegium, led by then-Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi, recommended his elevation, citing his merit and integrity over seniority, a move that drew significant attention at the time.

South Korea’s Han Kang wins 2024 Nobel literature prize

South Korean author Han Kang won the 2024 Nobel Prize in Literature for “her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life”. The prize is awarded by the Swedish Academy and is worth 11 million Swedish crowns ($1.1 million). “She has a unique awareness of the connections between body and soul, the living and the dead, and in her poetic and experimental style has become an innovator in contemporary prose,” Anders Olsson, chairman of the academy’s Nobel Committee, said in a statement.

Han Kang, the first South Korean to win the literature prize, began her career in 1993 with the publication of a number of poems in the magazine Literature and Society, while her prose debut came in 1995 with the short story collection “Love of Yeosu”. Her major international breakthrough came with the novel “The Vegetarian”.