The Nobel Peace Prize 2023

The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize 2023 to Narges Mohammadi for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all.

This year's peace prize also recognises the hundreds of thousands of people who, in the preceding year, have demonstrated against Iran's theocratic regime's policies of discrimination and oppression targeting women. The motto adopted by the demonstrators - "Woman - Life - Freedom" - suitably expresses the dedication and work of Narges Mohammadi.

Narges Mohammadi is a woman, a human rights advocate, and a freedom fighter. Her brave struggle for freedom of expression and the right of independence has come with tremendous personal costs. Altogether, the regime in Iran has arrested her 13 times, convicted her five times, and sentenced her to a total of 31 years in prison and 154 lashes. Narges Mohammadi is still in prison.

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2023

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2023 is awarded to the Norwegian author Jon Fosse, “for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable.”

His immense oeuvre written in Norwegian Nynorsk and spanning a variety of genres consists of a wealth of plays, novels, poetry collections, essays, children’s books, and translations. While he is today one of the most widely performed playwrights in the world, he has also become increasingly recognised for his prose.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023 was awarded to Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Alexei I. Ekimov "for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots".

Physicists had long known that in theory, size-dependent quantum effects could arise in nanoparticles, but at that time it was almost impossible to sculpt in nano dimensions. Therefore, few people believed that this knowledge would be put to practical use.

However, in the early 1980s, Alexei Ekimov succeeded in creating size-dependent quantum effects in coloured glass. The colour came from nanoparticles of copper chloride and Ekimov demonstrated that the particle size affected the colour of the glass via quantum effects.

A few years later, Louis Brus was the first scientist in the world to prove size-dependent quantum effects in particles floating freely in a fluid.

In 1993, Moungi Bawendi revolutionised the chemical production of quantum dots, resulting in almost perfect particles. This high quality was necessary for them to be utilised in applications.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023 was awarded jointly to Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L’Huillier "for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter".

The three Nobel Prize laureates in Physics 2023 are being recognized for their experiments, which have given humanity new tools for exploring the world of electrons inside atoms and molecules. They have demonstrated a way to create extremely short pulses of light that can be used to measure the rapid processes in which electrons move or change energy.

Pierre Agostini (Affiliation at the time of the award: The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA): Prize motivation: “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter”

Ferenc Krausz (Affiliation at the time of the award: Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany): “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter”

Anne L’Huillier (Affiliation at the time of the award: Lund University, Lund, Sweden): “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023

The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institutet has decided to award the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman “for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.”

The discoveries by the two Nobel Prize laureates were critical for developing effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 during the pandemic that began in early 2020. Through their groundbreaking findings, which have fundamentally changed our understanding of how mRNA interacts with our immune system, the laureates contributed to the unprecedented rate of vaccine development during one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times.

 Image Courtesy: The Nobel Committe for Physiology or Medicine. Ill. Mattias Karlén

Katalin Karikó (Affiliation at the time of the award: Szeged University, Szeged, Hungary; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA): “for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19”.

Drew Weissman (Affiliation at the time of the award: Penn Institute for RNA Innovations, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA): “for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19”.

India wins bid to host 17th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement

India has won the bid to host the prestigious International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement (ICCC) at New Delhi in 2027. India’s leading research and academic institutes, National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCCBM) along with IIT Delhi successfully presented the India’s bid before the Steering Committee members of the Conference during the ongoing 16th ICCC at Bangkok, Thailand. Besides India, other bidders were from Switzerland and UAE. The decision was announced on 20th September 2023 at Bangkok, Thailand during the 16th ICCC. The Indian bid was presented by Dr L P Singh, Director General, NCCBM, Dr S K Chaturvedi, Joint Director, NCCBM and Dr Shashank Bishnoi, Professor (Civil Engg.), IIT Delhi.

The International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement is the largest and most prestigious event of its kind which reviews the progress of research in the area of Cement and Concrete. The congresses have been held generally at intervals of four to six years since 1918, providing a strong and fruitful link between the academic world and the cement industry. The 9th Congress was organized at New Delhi in 1992 by NCCBM and the present 16th ICCC is being held at Bangkok, Thailand from 18-22 September 2023.

Hosting this esteemed event in India provides us with a unique opportunity to bring together the leading leaders, experts, and innovators in cement sector from around the world. This event is not only a testament to our research and academic organization's capabilities but also a chance to showcase our vibrant city New Delhi to the global cement and concrete industry. New Delhi, as a host city, will be poised to offer an unforgettable experience to all attendees of 17th ICCC in 2027 with its world-class conference facilities like Bharat Mandapam and Yashobhoomi, rich cultural heritage, and exceptional hospitality.

National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCCBM) is an apex Research and Development organization under the administrative control of DPIIT, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India. NCCBM is dedicated to research, technology development & transfer, education & industrial services for cement, allied building materials & construction industries. NCCBM has a proven track record of executing biennial NCB International Seminars/Conferences of similar magnitude, ensuring a seamless and memorable experience for all participants from across the globe.

Background

India is the fifth largest economy today and is likely to become third largest by the next five years and its cement industry is second largest in the world with installed cement capacity of 600 million tonnes. The cement industry in India plays a key role in circular economy framework in the country by utilizing various industrial wastes and is having one of the lowest CO2 footprints and most energy efficient in the world. The booming infrastructure development, resources, and expertise available within India make it a perfect backdrop to bring together thought leaders, academics, cement and concrete professionals, and enthusiasts to exchange ideas and drive progress. The experience and framework of Indian cement industry for addressing local and global issues such as decarbonisation, sustainable development, circular economy in operation, energy security, alternate energy sources, low carbon cements and so on provide an ideal modal for deliberations and showcasing to global leaders and technocrats for the benefits of global society at large.

What is the G20 and how does it work

In the dynamic world of international economics and diplomacy, the G20 has emerged as a formidable force. Its inception in 1999, born out of the crucible of the Asian financial crisis of 1997-98, marked the beginning of a unique forum. Originally designed as an informal platform for finance ministers and central bank governors, it has since evolved into an influential assembly that includes the heads of state of member countries, especially in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis.

The Evolution of G20

Origins and Expansion

The G20's genesis can be traced back to the turbulent times of 1999 when it was established as a response to the financial upheaval that had gripped Asia. Initially, it served as an informal gathering of finance ministers and central bank governors, offering them a platform to discuss crucial financial matters. This exclusive club comprised representatives from both developed and developing economies, fostering a sense of collaboration among diverse nations.

However, it was the seismic shockwaves of the global financial crisis in 2008 that catapulted the G20 onto the world stage. Recognizing the need for a more comprehensive approach to tackle economic challenges, the G20 expanded its membership to include the heads of state of member countries. This transformation elevated it to a leader's summit, where critical decisions were made to stabilize the global economy.

The Troika System

One of the unique features of the G20 is its Presidency rotation system, known as the troika system. This system involves three countries: the current host, the previous host, and the next host. It ensures continuity and a smooth transition of leadership. In 2022, India took the helm of the G20 Presidency from Indonesia, the outgoing member of the troika. As of now, Brazil has assumed the Presidency, taking the baton from India as the next troika country.

Unpacking the Mechanics of G20

The G20 operates through three key tracks, each playing a crucial role in shaping international economic policies and diplomatic initiatives:

Finance Track

Led by finance ministers and central bank governors, the Finance Track serves as the economic engine of the G20. This track convenes approximately four times a year to deliberate on pressing fiscal and monetary policy issues. Its scope extends to topics like the global economy, infrastructure development, financial regulation, financial inclusion, international financial architecture, and international taxation. Within the Finance Track, several working groups dissect these matters in greater detail. These include:

• Framework Group: Focused on establishing a cohesive framework for economic cooperation among member nations.
• International Financial Architecture: Discussing the structural aspects of the global financial system.
• Infrastructure Group: Addressing infrastructure development, a key driver of economic growth.
• Sustainable Finance: Promoting sustainable financial practices to safeguard the planet.
• Financial Inclusion: Ensuring that financial services are accessible to all.
• Finance and Health: Exploring the intersection of finance and public health.
• International Taxation: Delving into cross-border taxation challenges.
• Financial Sector Matters: Analyzing issues related to the financial sector.

Sherpa Track

Established in 2008, the Sherpa Track is an integral component of the G20, comprising representatives of heads of state. It tackles a broad spectrum of socioeconomic concerns that have a direct impact on global prosperity. The Sherpa Track explores areas such as agriculture, anti-corruption, climate change, the digital economy, education, employment, energy, environment, health, tourism, trade, and investment. Each representative in this track is referred to as a Sherpa, and there are 13 working groups that delve into these crucial areas:

• Agriculture: Focusing on sustainable agricultural practices.
• Anti-corruption: Combating corruption for transparent governance.
• Culture: Promoting cultural exchange and understanding.
• Development: Addressing global development challenges.
• Digital Economy: Navigating the complexities of the digital age.
• Disaster Risk Reduction: Mitigating the impact of natural disasters.
• Education: Empowering individuals through education.
• Employment: Enhancing global employment opportunities.
• Energy Transitions: Advancing clean and sustainable energy solutions.
• Environment and Climate Sustainability: Combating climate change and preserving the environment.
• Health: Promoting global health and well-being.
• Tourism: Enhancing the tourism industry's role in economic growth.
• Trade and Investment: Facilitating international trade and investment.

Engagement Groups

Beyond the official tracks, the G20 incorporates non-governmental participants and engagement groups. These groups offer valuable recommendations that contribute to policy-making. The Engagement Groups encompass a diverse range of voices, including:

• Business20: Representing the business community.
• Civil20: Advocating for civil society and human rights.
• Labour20: Focusing on labor and workers' rights.
• Parliament20: Bridging the gap between legislatures and the G20.
• Science20: Leveraging scientific expertise for informed decision-making.
• SAI20: Strengthening the role of supreme audit institutions.
• Startup20: Nurturing innovation and entrepreneurship.
• Think20: Providing intellectual insights and policy recommendations.
• Urban20: Addressing urban challenges and opportunities.
• Women20: Promoting gender equality and women's empowerment.
• Youth20: Amplifying the voices of young leaders.

In conclusion, the G20 is a dynamic forum that has evolved significantly since its inception in 1999. From addressing financial crises to becoming a key platform for international economic cooperation, it has played a pivotal role in shaping the global economic landscape. With its diverse tracks and engagement groups, the G20 continues to foster collaboration and innovation, making it a critical player in addressing the challenges of the 21st century.